Influence of Milk-Feeding Type and Genetic Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease on Intestinal Microbiota of Infants: The PROFICEL Study

“This study demonstrates that the milk-feeding type and the HLA-DQ genotype differently influence the bacterial colonization pattern of the newborn intestine during the first 4 months of life and, therefore, could also influence the risk of developing CD in later life. Breast-feeding reduced the genotype-related differences in microbiota composition, which could partly explain the protective role attributed to breast milk in this disorder.”

Interesting study doing two things: 1) showing an effect of genotype on bacterial populations in the gut – and that they are different for those at risk for celiac disease; and, 2) showing a difference between the bacterial populations of breast-fed and formula-fed children, and a possible microbial reason why breast-feeding protects against celiac disease.

Very cool. And scary how it makes such good sense.

Read this article in PLoS ONE.

Vaccine development: Man vs MRSA : Nature News

“For decades, Robert Daum has studied the havoc wreaked by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Now he thinks he can stop it for good.”

Excellent story of the fight against MRSA by the guy who first made us aware of it.

 

Read this article…

Image from Nature

Hacking the Microbiome for Fun and Profit: Can Killing Just One Mouth Bacterium Stop Cavities? | Discover Magazine

“A mouthwash that kills S. mutans and leaves the rest of the bacteria to take over S. mutans‘s real estate could spell the end of cavities. In a small clinical study last year, one team found that one application of the mouthwash knocked down S. mutans levels, and that harmless bacteria grew back in its place. If the mouthwash pans out, it could join the ranks of an emerging new type of treatment: better living through hacking the microbiome.”

This is really cool. And this article get extra points for the endnotes on probiotics and fecal transplants.

I totally believe we are entering an age where we are going to manipulate our microbiome for health and medicine.

[via @edyong209]

Read this article…

PLoS Biology: How Bacteria Turn Fiber into Food

“Now, a new study by Eric Martens, David Bolam, and colleagues has looked into how a pair of the most common species of gut bacteria metabolize polysaccharides, showing that each bacterium is highly specialized. Using a high-throughput system for feeding the bacteria dozens of kinds of carbohydrates, one at a time, and tracking the bacteria’s gene expression, they were able to see how these microbes have tailored themselves to fill specific niches in the gut.”

This is a really good study. For me, a better understanding of the gut metabolic ecology will allow for the development of better probiotics. One interesting finding in this study is that some bug don’t grow well on simple sugar because their sensors are built for complex sugars. Made me think of folks in developed world and what effect eating more simple sugars (high-fructose corn syrup) has on gut flora and any consequential obesity.

Read this article…

Probiotic-prebiotic combination may ease eczema in kids: Study

“Supplements containing a combination of Lactobacillus salivarius and fructo-oligosaccharide for eight weeks were associated with significant reductions in measures of the severity of eczema, compared with a control group receiving only prebiotics, according to findings published in the British Journal of Dermatology.”

In addition to the usual yogurt bugs, I am starting to see salivarius popping up more frequently. It’s from the mouth, by the way.

Read this article…

Trend: Probiotics, and a commentary

When I lived in the US in the 90s, it was hard to find live-culture yogurt in supermarkets (you could find them in natural food stores, of course). The only one I could find was Stonyfield yogurt.

When I lived in Finland, not only were there a bunch of live-culture milk products, but there was one in particular “Valio A+” that was specifically recommended for women to balance their flora.

Now back in the US, it’s hard not to find live-culture yogurt, and some are specifically marketed, yes, for women to balance their flora. Furthermore, the use of live bacterial cultures for health purposes, called probiotics, has become mainstream enough that you can find probiotic supplements for children in the supermarket.

What does this mean?

It means that folks are becoming aware of functional foods, of the importance of microorganism in their diet, and that the feeding desire to find a short cut (a pill rather than eating wholesome yogurt) is always a good business.

I’ve been seeking out all these probiotic products to get an idea of what’s out there, what the message is, and, for me, always on the look out for practical use of microbes, I’ve been trying to understand what microorganisms are in fashion.

OK, so the science behind probiotics is still in progress, so I will not go into that right now.

But, going on the premise that yogurt is the gold standard for beneficial live (with microorganisms) food, then my standard for all probiotic products used for digestive health is Stonyfield’s yogurt. Stonyfield’s has 6 bacteria (S thermophilus, L bulgaricus, L acidophilus, Bifidus, L casei, and L rhamnosus). I’d say that most of the products I have seen have one or more of these bugs. There are some proprietary sub-species and I’ve been pleased to see a few products with S salivarius or some other bacteria.

For me, the type, variety, and number of bacteria in a probiotic food or supplement is key. And I think it’s just snake oil if the product only has one bug.

Nonetheless, I think as probiotics go mainstream, buyers will be more astute as to what they are looking for. Also, I hope that new applications show up, beyond gut and vaginal flora health (I can think of a few).

What I do know, is that doctors are starting to suggest probiotics to patients on antibiotics or with digestive issues such as colitis or C diff.*

And that’s great.

Do you eat probiotic foods or take supplements? Send me pics of the ones you see or take! I could/should create a database of products and attach reviews or commentary. Hm…. not another project….

*Ego boost: A gastroenterologist aked me recently what probiotics I recommended. Ha! My first probiotic consulting gig?

Fuel From Waste? – ScienceNOW

“A team led by Jay Keasling, a bioengineer at the Joint BioEnergy Institute in Emeryville, California, worked to extend the strategy to make more commonly used fuels. They used Escherichia coli, a bacterium into which it’s relatively easy to insert new genes. They started by creating two strains of E. coli, inserting genes for breaking down cellulose in one and genes for breaking down hemicellulose in the other. They then split each of these two strains into three groups and to each group added genes for one of three different metabolic pathways that allow the microbes to make chemical precursors for either gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel.”

Nice step towards making this happen.

Read this article…

Bacterial physiology: Bacteria get old : Nature Reviews Microbiology

“A new study using data from earlier work that had generated conflicting results now reveals that bacteria do indeed age, but aging and rejuvenation occur simultaneously. Aging appears to be related to inheritance of the old pole.”

Seems interesting to think of bacteria aging. But aging is not really about the decay of normal systems over time through accumulated damage. Is it not? Would be nice to have read through this paper. Will need to seek out this CLOSED ACCESS journal article.

Read this article…

Viral infection: The gut microbiota: friend or foe? : Nature Reviews Microbiology

“We normally think of the gut microbiota as the ‘friendly’ bacteria that carry out many beneficial functions, including protecting us from infection. But two studies now identify a different side to the gut microbiota, showing that it can actually facilitate viral infection and promote transmission.”

Another interesting review that is in a CLOSED ACCESS paper. The barrier to casual reading is too high.

Read this article…

PLoS Pathogens: Microbial Spy Games and Host Response: Roles of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Small Molecule in Communication with Other Species

“In their constant battles with competitors and the host immune system, (opportunistic) microbial pathogens have developed sophisticated cell–cell communication systems termed quorum sensing (QS) that allow exchange of critical information. In return, competing microbes, as well as the host immune system, have developed means to intercept and decode these messages. The information obtained by this molecular espionage is used for their benefit, either to win the war (microbe against microbe), or to prepare for an upcoming battle (microbe against immune system).”

Not surprising, but quite fascinating.

Read this article…